Codification et industries culturelles : un espace de créativité et d’innovation

Les industries culturelles occupent une place privilégiée dans le développement des villes créatives. Elles sont un catalyseur pour la création d’expériences novatrices et on y observe un ensemble de pratiques diversifiées qui contribuent au développement économique. Un regard sur la cybermuséologie, l’opéra numérique, le cinéma numérique permet de réfléchir sur les sources de la créativité et aussi de comprendre le processus qui favorise l’émergence de nouveaux genres au sein de ces industries. La codification se voit à l’origine des mutations que l’on y observe.Cultural industries play a strategic role within the development of the creative cities insofar as it acts as a catalyst for innovative experiences, facilitate and support the emergence of diversified practices and contribute to the economic development.The examination of the practices taking place in cybermuseology, and in particular, digital opera and soft cinema suggests that a process of codification is at the core of the innovative practices taking place within this domain that are facilitating a transformation of performing arts and giving rise to the emergence of new genres within the cultural industries.Las industrias culturales ocupan un lugar privilegiado en el desarrollo de las ciudades creativas. Son catalizadoras de la creación de experiencias innovadoras y se puede observar en ellas un conjunto variado de prácticas que contribuyen al desarrollo económico. Una mirada atenta a la cybermuseología, a la ópera y al cine digitales nos permite reflexionar sobre las fuentes de creatividad y asimismo entender el proceso que favorece la emergencia de nuevos géneros en estas industrias. La codificación se observa en el origen de los cambios observados

Cost-effectiveness of easy-access, risk-informed oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Approaches that allow easy access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), such as over-the-counter provision at pharmacies, could facilitate risk-informed PrEP use and lead to lower HIV incidence, but their cost-effectiveness is unknown. We aimed to evaluate conditions under which risk-informed PrEP use is cost-effective. METHODS: We applied a mathematical model of HIV transmission to simulate 3000 setting-scenarios reflecting a range of epidemiological characteristics of communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults (HIV positive and negative) varied from 1·1% to 7·4% (90% range). We hypothesised that if PrEP was made easily available without restriction and with education regarding its use, women and men would use PrEP, with sufficient daily adherence, during so-called seasons of risk (ie, periods in which individuals are at risk of acquiring infection). We refer to this as risk-informed PrEP. For each setting-scenario, we considered the situation in mid-2021 and performed a pairwise comparison of the outcomes of two policies: immediate PrEP scale-up and then continuation for 50 years, and no PrEP. We estimated the relationship between epidemic and programme characteristics and cost-effectiveness of PrEP availability to all during seasons of risk. For our base-case analysis, we assumed a 3-monthly PrEP cost of US$29 (drug$11, HIV test $4, and$14 for additional costs necessary to facilitate education and access), a cost-effectiveness threshold of $500 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted, an annual discount rate of 3$100 per DALY averted, a discount rate of 7% per annum, the use of PrEP outside of seasons of risk, and reduced uptake of risk-informed PrEP. FINDINGS: In the context of PrEP scale-up such that 66% (90% range across setting-scenarios 46-81) of HIV-negative people with at least one non-primary condomless sex partner take PrEP in any given period, resulting in 2·6% (0·9-6·0) of all HIV negative adults taking PrEP at any given time, risk-informed PrEP was predicted to reduce HIV incidence by 49% (23-78) over 50 years compared with no PrEP. PrEP was cost-effective in 71% of all setting-scenarios, and cost-effective in 76% of setting-scenarios with prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults higher than 2%. In sensitivity analyses with a $100 per DALY averted cost-effectiveness threshold, a 7% per year discount rate, or with PrEP use that was less well risk-informed than in our base case, PrEP was less likely to be cost-effective, but generally remained cost-effective if the prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults was higher than 3%. In sensitivity analyses based on additional setting-scenarios in which risk-informed PrEP was less extensively used, the HIV incidence reduction was smaller, but the cost-effectiveness of risk-informed PrEP was undiminished. INTERPRETATION: Under the assumption that making PrEP easily accessible for all adults in sub-Saharan Africa in the context of community education leads to risk-informed use, PrEP is likely to be cost-effective in settings with prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults higher than 2%, suggesting the need for implementation of such approaches, with ongoing evaluation. FUNDING: US Agency for International Development, US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Challenges of diagnosing acute HIV-1 subtype C infection in African women: performance of a clinical algorithm and the need for point-of-care nucleic-acid based testing.

Background. Prompt diagnosis of acute HIV infection (AHI) benefits the individual and provides opportunities for public health intervention. The aim of this study was to describe most common signs and symptoms of AHI, correlate these with early disease progression and develop a clinical algorithm to identify acute HIV cases in resource limited setting. Methods. 245 South African women at high-risk of HIV-1 were assessed for AHI and received monthly HIV-1 antibody and RNA testing. Signs and symptoms at first HIV-positive visit were compared to HIV-negative visits. Logistic regression identified clinical predictors of AHI. A model-based score was assigned to each predictor to create a risk score for every woman. Results. Twenty-eight women seroconverted after a total of 390 person-years of follow-up with an HIV incidence of 7.2/100 person-years (95%CI 4.5–9.8). Fifty-seven percent reported ≥1 sign or symptom at the AHI visit. Factors predictive of AHI included age <25 years (OR = 3.2; 1.4–7.1), rash (OR = 6.1; 2.4–15.4), sore throat (OR = 2.7; 1.0–7.6), weight loss (OR = 4.4; 1.5–13.4), genital ulcers (OR = 8.0; 1.6–39.5) and vaginal discharge (OR = 5.4; 1.6–18.4). A risk score of 2 correctly predicted AHI in 50.0% of cases. The number of signs and symptoms correlated with higher HIV-1 RNA at diagnosis (r = 0.63; p<0.001). Conclusions. Accurate recognition of signs and symptoms of AHI is critical for early diagnosis of HIV infection. Our algorithm may assist in risk-stratifying individuals for AHI, especially in resource-limited settings where there is no routine testing for AHI. Independent validation of the algorithm on another cohort is needed to assess its utility further. Point-of-care antigen or viral load technology is required, however, to detect asymptomatic, antibody negative cases enabling early interventions and prevention of transmission

Brises, "Presse et nouvelles technologies : modernisation et diversification", n° 11, 1987

Boily Lise. Brises, "Presse et nouvelles technologies : modernisation et diversification", n° 11, 1987. In: Communication. Information Médias Théories, volume 10 n°2-3, automne 1989. pp. 231-235

Les entreprises de communication : une avenue de recherche stratégique

Boily Lise. Les entreprises de communication : une avenue de recherche stratégique. In: Communication. Information Médias Théories, volume 13 n°2, automne 1992. Spectateurs. pp. 195-203

L'ingénierie de la culture des cadres et la communication stratégique

Recent research on organizational communication has placed particular emphasis on cultural phenomena. Interpretive and strategic perspectives permit a better reading of organizational culture. This article focuses on subcultures , and particularly the subculture of managerial staff and its role in strategic communication . An analysis of official and actual management discourse is summarized. Sociological and semiological approaches permit an identification of management's cultural profile with respect to its strategic communication goals.Les nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur les organisations accordent une place importante aux phénomènes de culture. Les perspectives interprétatives et stratégiques permettent une meilleure lecture de la culture organisationnelle. Cet article s 'intéresse au rôle des sous-cultures, en particulier la sous-culture des cadres et son impact sur la communication stratégique. L ' article résume l 'analyse faite du discours officiel et du discours réel de cadres de direction. L 'utilisation de la démarche sociologique et de la sémiographie a permis de dégager la spécificité de leur profil culturel en regard des objectifs de la communication stratégique.Las nuevas perspectivas de investigación, en lo que concierne a las organizaciones, confieren un lugar importante a los fenómenos relativos a la cultura. Los enfoques interpretativos y estratégicos permiten una mejor comprensión de la cultura de los organismos o de las organizaciones. Este artículo presenta un interés en lo que se refiere al rol de las subculturas, particularmente aquellas relacionadas a los directores o ejecutivos y su impacto en la comunicación estratégica. El artículo presenta un resumen del análisis del discurso oficial y del discurso real de los directores o ejecutivos. La utilización del método sociológico y la semiografía han permitido dilucidar la especifidad de su aspecto cultural con relación a los objetivos de la comunicación estratégica.Boily Lise. L'ingénierie de la culture des cadres et la communication stratégique. In: Communication. Information Médias Théories, volume 12 n°2, automne 1991. pp. 218-249